yamnish (known as jamniskos endonymically) is a constructed language started in july of 2023, with work still ongoing.
it is a codification of reconstructed middle/late proto-indo-european grammar, meant to be able to be learned.
the phonology of yamnish is based off of several sources. firstly, it operates on the laryngeal theory, or in other words, that there are 3 laryngeals in the language which resulted in differing vowels in the daughter languages. the laryngeals are: h₁, analysed as /h/ with a syllabic allophone /ə/, h₂, analysed as /χ/ with a syllabic allophone /ɐ/, and h₃, analysed as /ɣ/ with a syllabic allophone /ɵ/, all of which are sourced from rasmussen, 1983. as for the unknown laryngeals, /hₓ/, they are automatically assumed to be /h₁/ for simplicity.
yamnish also operates on the idea that proto-indo-european velars had 3 'rows', namely, plain, palatalised, and labialised.
additionally, since yamnish is based primarily off of late proto-indo-european, there are 4 vowels in addition to the traditional ablauting vowels. so, the vowel inventory can be analysed as this: /a, aː, e, eː, o, oː, i, u/.
so, the consonant inventory of yamnish can be represented with this table:
and the vowel inventory with this table:
since yamnish is based off of late proto-indo-european, the language had already underwent a few sound changes. these are (where vowels are represented by V, consonants are represented by C, non-labial sonorants by R, and laryngeals by H, which will be the notation used throughout the rest of this grammar):
additionally, the stage of PIE used is after szeremenyi's law had been applied, but by the point it had become nonproductive.
nouns in yamnish can be split into 2 main categories: athematic, and thematic. the majority of nouns are athematic.
thematic nouns are split into a few classes, but, in general, they can be split into ablauting and non-ablauting. the ablauting nouns use special suffixes defining which endings they use. these "stems" defined by suffix are split into 17 hysterodynamic (see the section on nominal ablaut) declensions and 7 (so far, this section isn't finished yet) proterodynamic declensions.
nouns are composed of 3 parts: root, suffix, and ending. the root defines the meaning of the noun, and is the cornerstone of all nouns. the suffix can perform a variety of functions, namely, either to indicate that a noun is a certain type of noun (i.e. -r is applied to some mass nouns), or, as discussed above, to mark ablauting thematic nouns. endings define the grammatical function of the noun. each separate noun declension has its own unique endings, inflected for case (nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative, locative, instrumental), class (common and neuter), and number (singular, dual, plural).